1. In the 1300s the commerce of the Italian city-states depended largely on trade with other Europeans cities.
2.Merchant’s ships transported good along the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts.
3.Portugal and Spain began searching for new trade routes in the 1400s.
4.They sponsored man voyages of discovery.
5.Advancement in tech helped to make voyages of exploration possible.-----travellers reports as that of Marco Polo, info from Arab geographers, mapmakers had more accurate maps on land and sea, latitudes where included, direction of ocean currents helped navigators.
6.Sailor calculated ships latitude using astrolabe an instrument that measured the position of the stars.
7.At the time there was no instrument to measure longitude, it cud only be estimated
8.Europeans improved the magnetic compass to detect locations even when out of sight of land.
9. “Ocean voyage worthy ships” where built, Portuguese----three masted caravel---carried more sails, had more room for cargo and food supplies.
10.Europeans----Lateen or triangular sail---stern rudder allowed ships to sail closely into the wind. It was borrowed from the Arabs.
11.Because voyages of exploration where very expensive emerging national monarchs sponsored them in the 1400s and 1500s.
12. Through them they hoped to increase trade and build empires.
13.Individuals participated due to curiosity, adventure and wealth. Devout Christians wished to spread the gospel,
14. Portuguese led the way in the voyages o exploration.
15.They had been at a disadvantage in trade with Asia bcos Portugal faced the Atlantic Ocean and not the Mediterranean Sea.
16. Most spices and other goods from India were traded by merchants to the eastern Mediterranean.
17. Portugal’s rulers in the 1400s aimed at increasing the nation’s wealth, they supported voyages in search of AU
18. The wanted to share in the rich spice trade by bypassing the Italian and Muslim middlemen.
19. Prince Henry (1394 to 1460) encouraged early Portuguese explorations. He formed an informal school for sailors at Sagres.
20.There astronomers, geographers and mathematicians shared their learning with Portuguese sea captains and pilots.
21. At first Portuguese attempted creating new trade routes by conquering coastal cities in North Africa, however the Saharan caravan that that brought gold from West Africa stopped.
22. The Portuguese then decided to explore the West African coast for the source of the AU.
23. The sea route along the African coast had been unpopular because ocean currents and winds off cape Bojador often drove ships onto the rocky coast and wrecked them.
24. To avoid this Portuguese discovered a new route west of two grps of islands in the Atlantic---Madeira and Azores
25. From here they got to the south of the African coast safely.
26. The Portuguese searched for Au wherever African rivers ran into the Atlantic, however they could not travel far inland because of waterfall and rapids
27. Portuguese established trade centres along the African coast. They bought Au and Ivory from people living nearby.
28. In 1441 traders began buying slaves.
29. In 1481 King John II launched new efforts in explorations. He wanted to trade directly with Portugal and India.
30. In 1488, Bartholomew Dias arrived at the southern tip of Africa and named it the Cape of storms because was buffeted violently there
31. King John II renamed it the Cape of Good Hope since Dias had found the passage around Africa to India.
32. Under King John, Vasco da Gama in July 1497 set out with four ships from Portugal.
33. He picked an Arab pilot on his way that was helpful in their voyage to India.
34. Da Gama reached the Indian port of Calicut in May 1498.
35. Spain had devoted their energies into conquering the last Muslim Stronghold of Granada.
36. Afterward Spain wanted to profit in the spice trade of Asia.
37.When Ferdinand and Isabella completed the reconquista in 1492 they cud pursue other goals
38. Queen Isabella wished to form alliances with rulers in India and china against the Muslims
39. She believed Christopher Columbus might help Spain achieve this
40. Columbus tried to convince Portugal and then Spain to sponsor a voyage westward across the Atlantic stressing that within 2 months they could reach Asia.
41. Some people like Columbus based their estimation on the size of the earth on Ptolemy work, however Ptolemy had under-estimated the size of the earth
42. Scholars at the university of Salamanca in Spain calculated correctly that the earth was much larger and it would take abt 4 months to reach Asia and ships could not store enough food or fresh water for the journey.
43. Queen Isabella agreed to sponsor Columbus journey. 3 ships, 90 sailors—3/08/1492, left Palos.
44. On 12/10/1492 they sighted land.
45. He sailed to the Caribbean islands of Cuba and Hispaniola, the Dominican Republic and claimed the new lands for Spain by establishing settlements.
46. The Pope arranged a settlement between Portugal and Spain over their claimed of the new lands
47. Spain and Portugal signed the treaty of tordesillas in 1494; this treaty drew a line of demarcation about 1100 miles from north to south. Portugal had the rights over the lands east of the line while Spain rights where over lands west of the line.
48. Further voyages revealed that Columbus had not reached the East Indies but had discovered a huge continent.
49. Amerigo Vespucci an Italian rep for the Medici bank in Spain undertook several voyages for Spain.
50. He charted the coastline of Central America and described it as Mundus Novus a Latin phrase for New World.
51. A German mapmaker labelled the continent America in 1507, in recognition of Amerigo Vespucci
52. In 1513 Juan Ponce de Leon voyaged to find the legendary fountain of youth, he however discovered Florida.
53. Vasco de Balboa discovered the pacific ocean
54. England, the Dutch, Netherlands and France ignored the treaty of Tordesillas as it excluded them.
55. In 1497, John Cabot, an Italian sea captain agreed to sail for England.
56. Martin Frobisher returned to England with a cargo that turn out to be worthless and not gold ore.
57. • Explorers did not find a northern passage to Asia
58. • Their search greatly increased European knowledge of the world.
59. • It contributed to the establishment of new settlements
60. • After Vasco da Gama’s voyage Portuguese could buy spices directly from Asia.
61. • Portugal dominated the spice trade in Europe.
62. • Portugal got pepper from India, cinnamon from Ceylon and cloves and nutmeg from the East Indies.
63. • Missionaries accompanied Portuguese where ever they went.
64. • Arab traders tried to prevent Portuguese trade with local Hindu and Muslim princes.
65. • This resulted in Portugal burning Muslim ships and ransacking the Muslim cities of East Africa as well as torturing prisoners.
66. • In 1509 Portugal appointed Affonso de Albuquerque the governor of their trading posts. He created the basis of a Portuguese trading empire after 6 years.
67. • He captured Ormuz which gave Portugal control of the Indian Ocean.
68. • He captured the narrow Strait of Malacca hoping to prevent other Europeans from reaching the East Indies.
69. • For most of the 1500, the Portuguese controlled the spice trade.
70. • In the late 1500 there was stiff competition between Portugal, France, England and the Netherlands over the spice trade.
71. • The Dutch East India Company was formed 7 years after an exploration in 1595.(1602).
72. • The Dutch attacked Portuguese ships and raided Portuguese trading stations.
73. • During the 1600s the Dutch replaced the Portuguese as the dominant power in the spice trade.
74. • England and France established small outposts along the southern coast of India. They won trading privileges as a result of the weakness of the mogul empire in the south of India as well as the alliances Hindu princes made with Europeans against their Muslim rulers.
75. • The first Portuguese trader met the Chinese merchants at Malacca.
76. • The Ming Chinese permitted only limited trade
77. • In 1542 Portugal came into contact with Japan; this was followed by the Spanish.
78. • Both Chinese and Japanese regarded Europeans as Barbarians.
79. • Chinese and Japanese required guns and few items; they distrusted Europeans having heard stories about Portuguese and Dutch seizing land in the East Indies, the activities of the Jesuits missionaries made them suspect Christians as allies of foreign traders who seized lands.
80. • In Japan, protestant merchants from England and the Netherlands encouraged the shogun’s suspicion of Portuguese and Spanish Catholics.
81. • By 1639 the Japanese expelled all foreigners and permitted only the Dutch once a year to trade at the port of Nagasaki.
82. • Asian rulers often dictated the terms of trade to Europeans as well as limited their movements.
83. • In the Americas, Europeans established colonies that they ruled.
84. • Portugal and Spain where the first establish an empire in the Americas during the early 1500s.
85. • Spanish rulers gave conquistadores or conquerors the right to establish outposts in America.
86. • Conquistadores agreed to give the crown 1/5 of any gold or treasure they discovered.
87. • Conquistadores were successors to the crusading knights who had fought the Muslims in Spain.
88. • In 1519, Hernando Cortes landed on the coast of Mexico in search of gold, he heard about the Aztec Empire and form alliance with various Indian tribes who hated them.
89. • With 400 soldiers and 16 horses he visited the Aztec capital and convinced their leader (Montezuma) to be a subject of Spain.
90. • In 1520, the Aztecs revolted but after a year Cortes and his allies defeated the Aztec capital and the empire collapsed after a few years.
91. • Nine years later Francisco Pizarro and 180 Spanish soldiers landed on the pacific coast. He took advantage of the Inca civil war to capture its ruler Atahualpa and execute many Inca officials.
92. • In 1535, Pizarro controlled most of the huge Inca Empire.
93. • Within 15 years the Aztec and Inca, the two most powerful empires in the Americas had collapse.
94. • REASON; Spain had better weapons( guns, canons), Aztec and India warriors had never seen horses before, some believed the conquistadores on the horse where gods, diseases was also a factor since Europeans could better mange diseases( epidemics of smallpox, chicken pox and measles destroyed entire villages.), many Indians helped the Spanish since they hated their Aztec and Inca rulers.
95. • The Spanish set up a strong centralized gov’t in the Americas that lasted nearly 300 years.
96. • The new lands were divided into 5 provinces, the wealthiest and most powerful being New Spain, Mexico and Peru.
97. • The Spanish king appointed a viceroy in each province as his rep.
98. • The king also formed a council of the Indies, they met in Spain to make rules for the colonies.
99. • Between 1524 and 1630 the council issued over 400,000 orders.
100. • The king supervised local government by appointing members of the cabildo or city council.
101. • The cabildo help spread Spanish civilization
102. By 1550 Mexico City had a public water system, paved and lighted street lights, printing presses and its own university.
103. • The Spanish govt gave settlers encomiendas----the rights to demand taxes or labour from Indians living on the land. This protected India land rights but introduced forced labour.
104. • The discovery of rich silver deposit in Peru and Mexico increased the forced labour, Indians died in cave-ins, mal-nutrition, overwork and disease.
105. • Spanish missionaries condemned the cruel treatment of the Indians and pleaded with the authorities in Madrid to pass laws to protect the Indians.
106. • The Spanish gov’t reacted seriously to this; it believed it had the responsibility to convert Indians to Christianity, it also saw the Indians as loyal subjects, it passed laws in 1542 that forbade making Indians slaves and gave Indians the right to own cattle and raise crops.
107. • Settlers made fortunes from exports; central and South America---Au, Ag, cocoa, coffee and lumber. West Indies---tobacco and sugar cane.
108. • Settlers in West Indies developed the plantation system to profit from sugar cane.
109. • A plantation was a large estate owned by an overseer and farmed on by workers living on it.
110. • Bartolome’ de Las Casas suggested that slaves from Africa were better able to withstand hard labour in the hot climate.
111. • Spain began importing thousands of Africans to the West Indies.
112. • African slaves died as a result of extreme heat below deck, lack of adequate water and food, diseases, attempted revolts.
113. • The middle passage is the voyage across the Atlantic. It lasted two months.
114. • The products of the plantation system of the West Indies and the Au and Ag of the new world made Spain the richest and most powerful nation in Europe.
115. • The Portuguese established their own system of government in Brazil.
116. • The king appointed a captain general to oversee the whole colony.
117. • He also gave loyal subjects large parcels of land.
118. • The donatario or land owner governed the territory he received.
119. • The donatario enlisted settlers to farm or trade on his land.
120. • Thousands of settlers rushed to Brazil in the late 1600s, when Portugal discovered deposits of diamonds and emeralds.
121. • For almost a century Spain and Portugal were the only European powers with colonies in Europe as political troubles and religious wars in Europe distracted other nations
122. • Dutch, French and English sea captains raided Spanish treasure ships sailing from the Caribbean to Spain and seized island in the West Indies.
123. • A few churches set up churches in North America during the early explorations.
124. • Through the Dutch the Netherlands became a powerful commercial nation in the 1500s.
125. • Dutch fought a long battle to gain independence from Spain.
126. • By early 1600, the Dutch were establishing settlements along the Hudson River.
127. • Peter Minuit became the first governor of New Netherlands as the Dutch colony was called.
128. • He bought Manhattan Island from local Indian with cloth and beads.
129. • About 200 Dutch settlers built a village on the island which they named New Amsterdam.
130. • Minuit wanted to attract people to New Netherland by granting large estates to patrons or wealthy landowners.
131. • Patroons brought farmers and labourers to work as tenants on their estates.
132. • They ruled their land like feudal lords. ---own law court to settle local disputes.
133. • When the Dutch West India Company criticized Minuit for giving large powers to patrons he left the new Netherlands and at a Swedish request helped Swedish settlers form a colony on the Delaware River. This was near a Dutch colony.
134. • The Dutch seized this colony in 1655 adding it to the new Netherlands.
135. • The French explored along the St. Lawrence River and built settlements north of the Dutch and Spanish colonies.
136. • Since 1500 the French regularly sailed to the water off Newfoundland to catch cod.
137. • After Cartier’s exploration of St. Lawrence in 1535 France discovered that fur from India where very profitable in Europe.
138. • French monarch took little interest in forming colonies because of political and religious distractions. E.g. Huguenots, French Protestants where forbidden to settle in New France, as they wanted to escape persecution.
139. • A group of traders with exclusive right in the fur trade sent Samuel de Champlain to establish a permanent settlement in Quebec in1608.
140. • France set up forts across the Great Lakes and along the St. Lawrence to protect the fur trade.
141. • Missionaries joined the fur traders wishing to gain convert among North America Indians.
142. • King Louis XVI in the late 1600s appointed his own governor, the Comte de Frontenac to rule New France and also limited the privileges of the fur trading companies.
143. • In 1682, Robert Cavelier sieur de la sale reached the mouth of the Mississippi and claimed the land for France and named the region after Louis xiv.
144. • During the 1600s the English settled in North America.
145. • They founded 13 colonies, some of which (Massachusetts and Virginia) were established by trading companies that received charters from the English government.
146. • Others where proprietary colonies----owned by individuals, usually friends of the king.
147. • The government appointed a royal governor to carry out its policies in each colony; also each colony had an elected assembly that passed local laws.
148. • A governor had to cooperate with the assembly even though he was responsible to parliament.
149. • The assembly approved the governor salaries and consented to laws he issued.
150. • The English government encourage its people to migrate to the new world colonies.
151. • Between 1630 and 1700, the population in English colonies rose from 900 to 200,000.
152. • REASONS; People crossed the Atlantic to English colonies because of religious freedom----the Puritans, persecuted in England for strict Calvinist beliefs founded (Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut). The Quakers settled in Pennsylvania. English Catholics led by Lord Baltimore immigrated to Maryland.
153. • Many settlers hoped to improve their economic and social positions. In colonies they had opportunity to become independent farmers, merchants, fur traders and artisans.
154. • Unlike the French there was strive over land between the native Indians and some settlers which continue until the 1800s.
155. • During the 1600s Spain, France, the Netherlands and England often competed for land in North America; this resulted in clashes between them.
156. • Some European powers sought help from Native Americans, France---Algonquin; Dutch—Iroquois. Fighting between the two meant fighting between two Indian nations.
157. • In 1664, England ousted the Dutch from New Netherland and renamed it New York.
158. • Spain established Florida but couldn’t expand north because the English settled in Georgia and the French, in Louisiana.
159. • 1700s England and France battled for control of Canada and lands west of the Appalachian Mountains.
160. • THE COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION----ECONOMIC RECOVERY.
161. • The economic growth of the late middle ages ended bcos of the Black Death, 1/3 of the population was lost
162. • Population begun to increase in the 1400s
163. • Farmers from the country side moved to cities to work in textile industries.
164. • Growing city population resulted in needed food and landowner’s paid farmers higher wages to prevent migration. Some farmers rented lands on more favourable terms.
165. • In time merchants began work producing manufactured goods in cities. They exported raw materials from colonies and other countries.
166. • THE ENTREPRENUER---merchant—overseas trade----willing to take risk in hope of higher profits.
167. • They turned the economy of Europe from a local to a national and international system.
168. • Some problems they faced were; Robberies, pirates, floods, shipwreck
169. • Merchants reduced risks through insurance, partnerships (share losses and gains), investing in several business.
170. • FINANCING NEW VENTURES.
171. • Merchants needed capital for business and monarchs needed capital for war and overseas trade---they all turned to extremely rich merchant families who became bankers of Europe and gave loans.
172. • Merchants also form joint stock companies that gave out shares to investors, investors shared loses and gains.
173. • Monarchs sometimes issued charters to trading companies giving them exclusive rights to trade in an area.
174. • THE SEARCH FOR GOLD AND SILVER---Europeans didn’t use paper money but Au, Ag, Cu, this was limited in quantity so when commence increased there was shortage of money. The need for Au drove the Spanish, Dutch, French and English to explore new lands.
175. • MERCANTILISM----During 1500, the was believe that precious metal held the key to economic growth. In 1600s a new economic philosophy called mercantilism dev---keeping gold supplies by exporting more than importing. More profit in selling finished prdts than raw materials. Mercantilist stressed that rulers should regulate trade and commence to make a nation self sufficient while supporting key industries and by using colonies as a source of raw material.
176. CHANGING PARTERNS-----gilds regulated production very tightly and cud not meets needs of a growing population, thus entrepreneurs’ dev a system by paying village dwellers to work on raw materials (domestic syst).
177. Also the upper class---Nobles, merchants, bankers built huge palaces decorated with art works, dressed in exotic clothe and ate exotic food
QUESTIONS
1) Locate: East Indies, West Indies, and Line of Demarcation.
2) Identify: Prince Henry the Navigator, Bartholomeu Dias, Christopher Columbus, Treaty of Tordesillas, Amerigo Vespucci, Ferdinand Magellan
3) Define: latitude, astrolabe, longitude.
4) List three technical advances that helped make the voyages of exploration possible.
5) Why were the discoveries of Ponce De Leon and Balboa important to Spain
6) What did Magellan set out to find
7) What countries sent explorers to seek a northwest passage to Asia
8) What areas were explored as a result?
9) Locate: Goa, Malacca, Spice Islands, Macao, Canton, and Nagasaki.
10) Identify: Affonso de Albuquerque.
11) What were the main products Europeans wanted from Asia?
12) What nations competed for trading rights in Asian?
13) What attitude did the rulers of china and Japan have toward European traders?
14) What policy did china and Japan eventually follow toward foreigners?
15) Identify: Hernando Corte’s, Francisco Pizarro, Council of the Indies, Bartolome’ deLas Casas, Middle Passage.
16) Define: conquistador, cabildo, encomienda, plantation, donatorio.
17) What three motives brought the conquistadores to the Americas?
18) List two reasons the Spanish were able to defeat the Aztec and Inca empires with so few soldiers.
19) How did the New Laws of 1542 protect the Indians?
20) Why did Spain begin bringing slaves to the Americas?
21) What discovery in the late 1600s brought many settlers to Brazil?
22) Locate: Newfoundland New France, Louissiana, English colonies.
23) Identify Peter Minuit, Samuel de Champlain, Louis Joliet, and Jacques Marquette.
24) Define: Patroon, proprietary colonies.
25) Why did Spain show little interest in its northern territory?
26) What was the economic basis of New France?
27) What two motives led people to settle in the English colonies?
28) Which two nations were the main rivals in North America in the 1700s
29) Define: entrepreneur, capital, joint-stock company, mercantilism, and domestic system, capitalist.
30) What led to economic recovery in the 1400s
31) What risk did entrepreneurs face, describe on way in which they reduced these risks.
32) Why did the Dutch government give the Dutch East India company exclusive trading rights in the East Indies?
33) How did growing trade with Asia lead to a shortage of gold and silver in Europe?
34) What economic role did mercantilist think colonies should play?
35) Why did guilds become less important?
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