1) Islam begun in the Middle East during the 7th century.
2) Judaism and Christianity also sprang up from the Middle East .
3) Islam developed into an empire after 100 years of its formation
4) Arabia the birthplace of Islam is the largest peninsular in the world
5) The Arabs developed a way of life adapted to desert conditions herding goats and camels
6) Arabs in the desert where loosely organised into tribes with a strong code of honour.
7) Independence of Arabic warriors prevented unity and promoted different feuds
8) Arabia was an important link btw the Mediterranean world, Asia, and the east coast of Africa .
9) Some Arabs where traders who lived along the Red sea .
10) Arabs where in contact with the Greco-Roman world, India , china and Africa thru trade.
11) Mecca
12) Pilgrims travelled to Mecca
13) The Kaaba was a scared shrine that housed all the Arabian gods. It also housed the black stone—probably a meteorite, it was believed to be sent from heaven.
14) Mohammad was born in Mecca
15) His parents died when he was young(6) and he was raised by his relatives.(uncle)
16) Mohammed married Khadija at age 25.
17) Khadija was wealthy widows who run her husband’s business.
18) He became a successful merchant but was troubled by the violence in the world and often with into the desert to pray
19) Mohammed believed that angle Gabriel told him that God had chosen him to be his prophet, and his duty was to proclaim that there was only one God
20) Muhammad and his followers fled Mecca
21) Yathrib was a rival commercial town, later called medina and city of the Prophet.
22) Muslims call Muhammad’s journey from Mecca to Medina
23) The year 622AD was made the first year of the Muslim calendar.
24) Muhammad gained power as both political and religious leader in Medina
25) In 630 Muhammad captured the city of Mecca
26) Muhammad died in 632AD.
27) Islam means submission and Muslims believe that they must submit to the will of Allah.
28) They are five pillars of Islam being duties of faithful Muslims
29) First is the believe in one God Allah, second is duty in prayer-5 times daily, third is alms giving, fourth is fasting during the holy month of Ramadan, fifth is making a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in one’s life time.
30) Islam has no formal church or clergy, an imam leads prayers in a mosque
31) The Koran is a Muslim holy book.
32) The Koran became the instrument for law and government in the Islamic world
33) Arabic is the common language of Muslims since the Koran was written in Arabic.
34) Muhammad accepted old and new testaments as God’s word.
35) He called Jewish and Christians “people of the book”
36) Muslim and Christian common believes,--one God, Judgement day, Abraham, Moses and Jesus where great prophets.
37) Muslims considered Muhammad as God’s final messenger who had the highest authority.
38) Muhammad established rules for ethical behaviour.
39) The Koran gave women a legal, economic status previously not enjoyed in Arabia .
40) Before Muhammad Arabian women had no property rights.
41) The Koran permitted divorce on the grounds that a man returned the woman’s dowry.
42) The Koran forbade killing unwanted baby girls.
43) A woman always had some form of protection and her main duty was to obey her husband, care for the children and manage the household.
44) Between 622 and 732 Islam spread with amazing speed into Palestine , Syria and Spain
45) By 732 Muslim forces crossed the Pyrenees Mountains into southern France Fertile Crescent east Indus valley.
46) Reasons for the spread of Islam, Believe in one God and equality of all believers, they did not need a church or clergy in order to practice their faith, Muhammad and his successors united Arabs and gave them a strong sense of purpose, Arab soldiers believed that if they died fighting for the faith they would immediately enter paradise, weakness of neighbouring Byzantine and Persian empires( successive wars had exhausted them and many people were dissatisfied with their rule, some welcomed the Arabs as liberators
47) When Muslim armies conquered parts of the Byzantine Empire some Christians and Jews and Zoroastrians were ready to accept Islamic teachings.
48) Muslims did not force people to convert.
49) Non Muslims paid a special tax and could worship as they choose.
50) Muslim conquers where not anxious to convert people as it would reduce revenue.
51) Abu Bakr succeeded Prophet Mohammad after his death.
52) A caliph acted as both political and religious leader and used the Koran to rule.
53) Power struggles involved the election of the first four caliphs after which a leading family in Mecca
54) They made Damascus in Syria
55) Mecca
56) Under the Umayyad, Arabs absorbed ideas from Hellenistic and Byzantine civilizations.
57) Some people begun to assert independence in the empire, competing branches developed—Sunnite, Shiite.
58) The Sunnite and Shiite differed over who was rightful successor to Muhammad.
59) The numerous Sunnites supported the Umayyad caliph while the Shiites support a religious leader who traced his ancestry back to Ali, Muhammad’s son in law.
60) Shiites broke into many groups and rallied support among people discontented with Arab rule.
61) In 750 the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad. However a member of the Umayyad dynasty made himself caliph in Spain North Africa also remains outside Abbasids rule.
62) Abbasid rulers built a new capital in Baghdad
63) In the 700’s under Harun al Rashid, the Islamic Empire enjoyed a golden age.
64) Abbasid rulers left the business of govt to corrupt officials, after 1000 yrs the empire was fragmented.
65) In the 11 cent the Seljuk Turks invaded the Islamic Empire, they converted to Islam but had different traditions from those of Arabs.
66) The rule of Seljuk’s in Palestine
67) In 1258 the Mongols destroyed Baghdad
68) The ottoman Turks reunited Egypt , Syria Iraq and Arabia into an Islamic state to defeat the Mongols. It lasted until 1918.
69) Muslims blended Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Persian and Indian cultures to form theirs.
70) Muslim merchants handled the products of three continents---Africa, Asia and Europe .
71) The Abbasid capital boasted hospitals, libraries, palaces, public gardens and street lights.
72) Arabs introduced letter of credit in place of cash.
73) They issued receipts for payment and bills of lading that listed all goods in a shipment.
74) Steel was used in swords and textiles as cotton, gauze and satin where very impt.
75) Commence, manufacture, Agriculture---improvement lead to production of more food to feed large city populations.
76) The Koran was the focus of Muslim scholars and legal interpretation where made from it which became law codes.
77) Islamic law, common beliefs and the use of Arabic helped unite Muslims on three continents.
78) In Centres of learning such as the house of Wisdom in Baghdad Muslims learnt Roman, Jewish, Persian and Indian texts
79) Guided by ancient Greek texts, Muslim doctors perfected in techniques for diagnosing and treating diseases.
80) In the 9th cent Muhammad al-Razi published a huge medical encyclopaedia called “the comprehensive work in Medicine”. In it he detailed the symptoms of such contagious diseases as smallpox and measles.
81) Muslims has an advanced system of medical training which include qualifying examination doctors and pharmacists.
82) Muslim mathematician adopted the decimal system and the system of numeral from India
83) With the decimal system Muslims made advancement in algebra and trigonometry.
84) Muslim alchemists advanced the science of chemistry. They invented equipment such as beakers and crystallizing dishes.
85) One Muslim scientist proposed that the earth was round and accurately estimated its circumference. He also suggested that the earth rotated on its axis
86) Muslims invented the Mariner’s compass by using magnetic chine needles.
87) The astrolabe was another Muslim invention.
88) Muslims put up mosques in architectural form having a blend of Roman, Byzantine and Persian styles. Towers outside the mosques are referred to as Minarets.
89) Averroes a Spanish Muslim tried to reconcile the teachings of Aristotle with Islam.
90) Poets held an honoured place in the Islamic world.
91) CIVILISATION----ECONOMIC PROSPERITY, TRADITIONAL LEARNING, ACHIEVEMENTS IN MEDICINE, MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE, ARTS AND LITERATURE.
92) Avicenna was born in 980 near bukkara in Persia
93) He learned the Koran and mastered geometry, logic, law and Arabic literature.
94) He taught himself physics, theology, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy and medicine.
95) He was a successful physician at age 16; he treated Persian nobles, chief ministers, rulers.
96) He wrote over 100 books on astronomy, music, philosophy, medicine and poetry.
97) His book on philosophy reflected teachings of Aristotle and Plato
98) His major work was “the Canon of Medicine” translated into Latin in 1100
99) It remained the leading textbook among Muslims and Christians for about 600 yrs.
100) He explained how disease could be spread by contaminated water bodies
101) He studied over 750 medical remedies and published the first handbook that told physicians the remedies for different diseases.
QUESTIONS
1) Locate: Arabia, Mecca , Medina , Damascus , and Baghdad
2) Identify: Kaaba, Muhammad, Koran, People of the Book, Sunnite, Shiite
3) Define: hejira, mosque, caliph
4) Describe the five pillars of Islam
5) Give one example of how the Koran improved the position of the Arab women.
6) List two reasons for the rapid spread of lslam
7) When did the Islamic empire enjoy its golden age?
8) Identify: Muhammad al-Razum, Averroes, Omar Khayya
9) Define: minaret
10) What commercial practices did the Arabs develop?
11) How did the Arabs preserve much ancient learning?
12) Describe one contribution Muslims made to medicine.
No comments:
Post a Comment