1) 1350—1600 Renaissance Period
2) Renaissance—French word(renevatio)---rebirth
3) Scholars revived the learning of ancient Greece and Rome
4) They dislike the “dark ages” of Medieval Europe and thought of a rebirth of civilisation.
5) The Renaissance was both a worldly and religious age.
6) Fierce debates over question of faith and salvation led to the reformation
7) The reformation---movement---divided Christians in Europe into different groups.
8) By 1600 modern Europe was born.
9) During 1300 economic distress, war and the Black Death had swept across Europe.
10) Renaissance began in city state of northern Italy and spread to northern Europe.
11) Middle age---many Italian towns expanded---city states (CS)--govern itself and surrounding country side.
12) Rulers of CS had independence to experiment on gov’t and larger world ideas.
13) Late Middle age (MA) ---Italian city states were wealthy from trade and industry.
14) Merchants from Venice, Genoa, Pisa controlled most profitable trade routes to the eastern Mediterranean
15) Others like Florence thrived on the sale of manufactured goods, especially wool cloth.
16) Italian bankers made huge profits by financing commercial ventures and making loans to princes and popes.
17) Wealth of city states supported the renaissance.
18) Merchants and Bankers----powerful------middle class—political and economic leaders
19) Feudalism never fully developed in northern Italy---landowning nobles had lesser authority.
20) Middle class---concern for education and individual achievement, ----became patrons and supporters of art.
21) During 1400 the Medici family ruled Florence.
22) Giovanni de’ Medici’s bank flourish over 30 yrs aft it’s Establishment In 1397.
23) His son cosimo and great grandson Lorenzo controlled the gov’t in Florence.
24) Lorenzo is also known as the magnificent. He was a skilled architect.
25) The Medici proud of Florence shared the pride by using parts of their fortune to hire local painter, sculptors, architects and silversmiths to create works of art to beautify Florence.
26) People in Italian city state developed interest in learning ancient Greece and Rome
27) Theology, law and medicine were highly respected subject at university.
28) During the Renaissance scholars stressed the study of humanities.
29) This included rhetoric poetry and history taught in Greek and Roman schools.
30) Those who studied this subjects where called Humanist.
31) Humanist---practical and wanted to learn more about the world, by reading text and rediscovered texts forgotten in the MA.
32) Many Humanist where devout Christians. They felt the study of humanities enriched the lives as compared to works of medieval scholars.
33) Renaissance scholars taught education was the way to become well rounded
34) Petrarch (1304-1374) ---renaissance humanist from Florence—search for old manuscripts in Europe.
35) He loved the works of Cicero—roman statesman and St. Augustine---early Christian writer.
36) He discovered how much classical heritage had been lost.
37) Inspired, others begun searching monastery libraries for ancient manuscripts.
38) They rescued many works and corrected mistakes by comparing them.
39) Some developed techniques for analyzing historical documents.
40) Lorenzo Valla exposed the (Donation of Constantine) as a forgery.
41) The document contained the word fief which was not used in Constantine’s time.
42) Renaissance writers often prepared manuscripts that told individuals how to behave.
43) “The Prince” written by Nicolo’ Machiavelli as a guide for rulers who faced unstable political conditions.
44) “The book of the Courtier” by Baldassare Castiglione described the qualities of an educated aristocrat.
45) They should learn to enjoy music, play variety of musical instruments. Speak gracefully; provide rulers with witty pleasant company.
46) Renaissance ideas spread slowly to northern Europe.
47) It took a different form in northern Europe and Spain
48) Strong feudalism in northern Europe-NE- made kings, queens and nobles take the place of merchants and bankers as chief patrons of art.
49) Renaissance scholars in NE and Spain studied the classical works of early Christians that of Greeks and Romans. What they called the simpler, purer faith of the early Christians.
50) Similarities of all renaissance writers----stressed individual achievement and classical learning, more concerned in achieving worldly success, maintained a strong faith in Christianity.
51) Renaissance ideas spread mostly through literature and arts
52) Painters and sculptors found an important place in the renaissance world.
53) During the middle ages, painters and sculptures decorated many churches and cathedrals.
54) They got little recognition as compared to renaissance painters and sculptors.
55) Renaissance artists returned to classical principles of Greek and Roman.
(CASSICAL INFLUENCE)
56) Greeks stressed on harmony and balance of nature, Romans emphasized realism.
57) Renaissance artist in Italy where inspired by roman building scattered across the land.
58) Donatello and Filippo Brunelleschi travelled from Florence to Rome in the early 1400s to sketch the ruins of ancient--- buildings, marbles and bronze statues .
59) Donatello’s sculpture of David was an individual figure with realism and grace unlike that of medieval sculptures.
60) Brunelleschi and other renaissance architects rejected medieval Gothic architecture and revived classical styles.
61) Brunelleschi roofed the cathedral of Florence with a vast dome while based on his work Michelangelo Buonarroti; years later designed Saint Peter’s Cathedral in Rome.
62) THE PAINTER, Tommaso Masaccio and Brunelleschi developed rules of perspective to give painting a more realistic look. ----3 dimensional look (NEW TECHNIQUES IN ART).
63) Artists in Flanders contributed to renaissance art by improving tempera paints (pigments of colours mixed with watered down egg yolk) that dried quickly and hindered artist from making changes once they had applied the colour. Tempera paints did not blend easily.
64) Flemish artists’ introduced oil based paints that dried more slowly and could blend easily.
65) GREAT ITALIAN ARTIST---Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael Santi.
66) Leonardo da Vinci----thought humans might use wings to fly, he dissected corpses and painted more realistic pictures and understood anatomy of humans.
67) Only 15 painting of Leonardo’s works remain including. The “Last Super” and “Mona Lisa”.
68) Michelangelo considered himself a sculptor by he was also an accomplished musician, poet, painter and architect.
69) Pope Julius II in 1508 asked Michelangelo to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. He dedicated four years of his life to this.
70) Raphael Santi was a skilful painter influence by Leonardo and Michelangelo.
71) He often painted the Madonna or mother of Jesus and the infant Jesus. He died at age 37.
ARTIST OF NORTHERN EUROPE
73) Because roman ruins lay beyond the Alps, northern European artist where less influenced by classical styles.
74) Rules of perspective and new oil based paints affected their works.
75) Flanders was the artistic centre of modern Europe.
76) Jan van Eyck a Flemish artist paintings often had a religious message. Each object had a symbolic meaning that reinforced the message of his paintings.
77) Pieter Bruegel was inspired by everyday scenes of peasants working in the country landscapes and influenced later Flemish and Dutch painters who painted scenes of daily life than religious or classical themes.
78) Other German artist where Hans Holbein and Albrecht Durer.
RENAISSANCE WRITERS
80) The middle Class—MC—in towns and cities especially enjoyed popular literature as dramatic tales and comedies.
81) Popular literature was often written in vernacular, somewhere still written in Latin.
82) Petrarch an Italian writer perfected the sonnet (a 14 line poem that expresses a complete thought).
83) Giovanni Boccaccio an Italian writer wrote the “Decameron” the first prose written in Italian.
84) Francois Rabelais a French writer’s works contained witty discussion of philosophy and politics; he created the giant Gargantua and his son Pantagruel to express his view of the world.
85) Miguel de Cervantes in a novel “Don Quixote” mocked the medieval ideals of chivalry.
86) Poet and Playwright William Shakespeare wrote tragedies, comedies and historical dramas
87) In European cities both rich and poor people attended theatres.
88) A CALL FOR REFORM
89) Renaissance writers emphasized both religious and worldly themes.
90) In the early 1500s some Christian scholars who had studied the bible and early Christian writings urged reform of the church. They wanted the church to return to the traditions based on the teachings of Jesus.
91) These reformers where called Christian humanists.
92) Desiderius Erasmus a Dutch scholar and priest led Christian humanist in northern Europe.
93) He knew Greek and could study early copies of the New Testament.
94) He used witty dialogue to point out the ignorance of some clergy in “Praise of Folly” and other works of his.
95) He criticized the church for emphasizing pomp and ritual than the teaching of Christ.
96) He remained in the church and accepted its teaching regardless.
97) Sir Thomas More a friend of Erasmus described an ideal society in his book “Utopia”
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