The writer was walking all alone when he heard the twa corbies talking. How was the writer able to understand the language of the corbies?(Omniscient Narrator) One of the corbies inquires of the other where they shall have a feast. Probably it is the female Corby inquiring of the male Corby.
We learn from one of the corbies that a knight has recently been killed and nobody knows that he lies there but his hawk, his hound and his lady fair. This simply means that one of these characters killed the knight since they are the only ones who know where the slain knight lies and the corby speaking was the only witness to the event. Among these three characters it is the lady fair that has the highest chance to have killed the Knight, possibly through poison and not necessarily killing him in single combat during a duel or in fencing unless she was better than him in swordsmanship which is rather doubtful as he was a knight and also because women where discouraged from such sport.
We learn that his hound and his hawk are about their daily or normal activities while the lady fair has gone for another mate, thus the Corby speaking assures his mate not to worry that someone might discover the body and if I might add move it elsewhere or even worse burry it. The Corby speaking says this because the only person who can talk –the lady fair----and inform others of the tragedy has no intentions of doing so
We learn of the plans the corbies have concerning the dead knight
We learn that some where people are crying for his return but then none of them knows where he is and neither are they going to recognise him when the corbies have finished ripping out all of his flesh and leaving his mere bones bare to the wind.
Greek words---Psyche—Mind and Logos---knowledge or study.
Myers defines psychology as the science of behaviour and mental process. To Coon and Atkinson, et al, psychology is the scientific study of behaviour and mental process. Lahey also defines the subject as the science of behaviour and mental processes.
Other definitions----science of behaviour, scientific study of human and animal behaviour, scientific study of organisms and their behaviour.
Overt behaviour is any activity, action or responds which can be seen by others
Para psychology is about events which cannot be verified by a second or third party or through any of the known scientific methods.
Clairvoyance is the ability to see what is happening at a particular place at a certain time without having prior knowledge of the event.
Telepathy is thought transfer from one person to another without the mediation of any known channel of communication.
Precognition is the ability to perceive and accurately predict or foretell future events without having any prior knowledge.
Psycho kinesis is the ability of an individual to exert influence over animate and inanimate objects by will power.
Extra sensory perception.
Pseudo Psychology means false Psychology. They are practices which are giving the semblance of psychology but which in the real sense of the word are not. Egs. Graphology, palmistry, phrenology.
Graphology is the belief that an individual's handwriting reveals his or her personality and that it could be used to predict one's performance on the job.
Palmistry is the belief that the nature and pattern of the lines in an individual palm can be used to tell his destiny since it has something to do with his personality.
Phrenology is the believe that the bumps on one's head and the shape of one's skull determine one's personality, intelligence, and other individual characteristics.
Greek Philosophers such as Plato, Socrates, and Aristotle in the 4th and 5th century debated fundamental questions about human nature, mental life, perception and consciousness.
Plato believed that one could understand human nature and behaviour by asking the relevant questions and employing rational argument to arrive at conclusions.
Aristotle believed that observation, rather than mere logical argument is of critical importance in an attempt to understand human behaviour.
Description usually proceeded by observation and involves naming, classification and the provision of other details and characteristics of a given behaviour or phenomenon.
Understand means the ability to explain the factor/s of a given behaviour after a careful description.
Prediction is another goal with is the ability to foretell the occurrence of an event or behaviour on the basis of established principles or facts.
Control means changing the circumstance which influence behaviours or the occurrence of any given phenomenon.
Measurement
Six methods of acquiring knowledge----tenacity, intuition, rationalism, empiricism, authority and science.
Intuition occurs in the right hemisphere of the brain while logical thinking occurs in the left hemisphere. Intuition is the process of coming to direct knowledge or certainty without reasoning or inferring.
Rationalism refers to the use of thinking and logic to arrive at an answer.
Empiricism assumes that if something is experienced, then that thing exists hence the experience is valid and true and must be accepted. Seeing believes.
In Science empiricism refers to the collection of data using scientific methods.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Objectivity, free for bias, prejudice, personal expectation ect
Operational Definition means the procedure followed in measuring a concept must be clearly defined so as to allow concepts to be tested in real world terms.
Control
Replication is about the possibility of reproducing the same or similar result as arrived at by another person in his or her previous work----following the same steps, resulting in the same answers.
SCIENTIFIC ASSUPTIONS
Uniformity or Regularity---means there is order in nature and natural occurrences follow a certain known pattern and principles
Skinner asserted that science is a search for order, for uniformities and for lawful relations among events in nature.
Reality----there is a logical and rational basis for the existence of everything in nature
Rationality events which occur in nature could be understood through logical thinking since the is a rational basis for almost everything that occurs in nature.
Causation and Discoverability ----everything in nature has a cause and does not just happen. Discoverability is a natural sequence of the assumption of causation.
SCIENTIFIC STEPS OR PROCEEDURE.
Problem Identification which is preceded by observation
Review of Literature and hypothesis formulation-----a hypothesis usually expresses a relation between an independent and a dependent variable.
Study design----serves as a guide
Data collection and Data analysis-----the researcher makes observations and collects relevant data according to the procedure prescribed in the design.
Interpretation, Discussion and Conclusions---raw data does not make much sense and thus has to be analysed. Analysis however may take the form of simple data representation
FIELDS OF PSYCHOLOGY
Basic psychology deals with research and the accumulation of knowledge whereas applied psychology deals with application of psychologically knowledge in tackling practical problems.
Industrial or organisational psychology
Ergonomics-----deals with designing work tools, machines and equipment in line with human physiology and the demand of specific jobs with aim of facilitating higher productivity.
Environmental Psychology deals on the impact of human act on the environment and how the environment affects human behaviour.
Clinical psychology deals with diagnosis, classification, prevention and treatment of psychological disorders. It also helps peoples to make decision about life transmissions such as marriage, career ECT.
Counselling psychology deals with helping people to understand themselves and plan their lives as well as make informed decisions on issues of everyday life including education, career, and marriage. Ect
Community psychology deals with how communities could be assisted to promote their wellbeing.
Consumer Psychology deals with finding out the characteristics of product users, their needs, and preferences and how to satisfy them.
SUB AREAS OF UNDER FIELDS
Educational psychology deal with the dev. And evaluation of educational curriculum and programs, teaching and learning materials and the training of teachers.
School psychology deals with helping primary and secondary school students make informed decisions about life
Developmental Psychology is concerned about human development in terms of growth from birth to old age.
Comparative Psychology deals with studying animal behaviour focusing on its similar and differences as compared to human behaviour and primates.
Personality psychology studies individual unique characteristics and other factors that make a person different in many ways from others.
Social Psychology focuses on human interactions and behaviour in group setting.
Cultural Psychology deals with how ones cultural background deals with his behaviour in general
Experimental psychology relies solely on experiments in gathering information regards areas as sensation, emotion, communication, learning ECT.
Medical Psychology studies the relationship between stress, personality type, susceptibility to emotional breakdown and diseases as heart attacks, high blood pressure and ulcers. It deals with prevention and control.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
Provision of information
Input for projects and policy decisions.
CHALLENGES OF RESEARCH
Funding----expertise, financial resources
Attitude of the Public
Lack of Professionalism----Professionalism means going about duty as the dictates of one's profession requires
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
Zimney (1961) defines a psychological experiment as objective observation of phenomena which are made to occur in a strictly controlled situation in which one or more factors are varied and the others kept constant.
Name of school
Subject Matter
Methodology`
Personality
Structuralism
Structure of the mind
Introspection
Edward Titchener,
Wilhelm Wundt
Functionalism
Function of the mind
Observation
Experimentation
William James,
Charles Darwin
Behaviourism
Gestalt
Observable behaviour,(stimulus and response
Observation
J B Watson
I Pavlov
D. F Skinner
Thorndike
The whole organism, object.
Feature analysis,
demonstration
W kohler
K. Koffka
M. Wertheimer
Psychoanalytic
Unconsciousness
Interviews
Observation
Sigmund
Freud
Empiricism
Personal experiences
Data collections,
Interviews
Aristotle, john Locke
Manipulate the independent variable under study to find its effect on the dependent variable.
Experiment-----two or more groups of study, objective, systematic, hold constant all variables.
CONTROL OF EXTRAEOUS VARIABLES.
Remove, generalise among groups, randomization----is a technique that gives equal chance to a population as being included in a selected as participants for a study. Random assignment places the participant into groups by chance.
LONGITUDINAL STUDY AND CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
Longitudinal study is a developmental field study that repeatedly measures the same characteristics in a single sample of individuals at selected time intervals
Cross sectional is a developmental field study that measures the same characteristics in representative samples of individuals at different levels or age.
SURVEY
Survey is a method of collecting standardised information by interviewing a representative sample of a given population
Survey process---identify the population, sample size,---ages, educational level sexes---- selection of respondents
Valid---able to tap information, reliable---the consistency in measurement over a period of time
We learn that True Thomas was on a tree and looking at a road, wasn’t there anything important True Thomas could have been doing at the time or was he waiting for someone? He momentarily sees a lady riding down. Her skirt was green as the grass; her mantle was velvet in colour. There hang 59 silver bells around the neck of her horse, thus she drew attention to herself where ever she went on the horse since the 59 bells rung when the horse moved. Why where there only 59 bells? And why where there made of silver and not any other material? True Thomas shows her courtesy and claims that he had never seen someone like her before. We learn that the lady claims to be the queen of fair elf land and not anyone else, she however claims that see has come to visit True Thomas, let us note the key word VISIT.
The queen asks True Thomas to prepare himself and come with her. She doesn’t warn True Thomas not to kiss her lips, she however says that she would be part of True Thomas’s body if he did, thus she would be a part of him if he kissed her. She tells True Thomas to be careful with her since something weird shall never frighten or discourage her. She told him this because he had kissed her lips? Why did True Thomas do that, was there someone else in his life? We learn that because of the kiss True Thomas had to compulsorily go with the queen and serve her seven years. However the queen assures True Thomas of the possibility of unchangeable events
We learn that she gets unto her horse and help True Thomas up as well who sit behind her. Whenever the bells on the horse rung the horse sped up even faster than the wind. They went a very long distance to a desert The queen asks true Thomas to rest a while possibly because he was tried being the first time riding on the back of a very fast horse. She promises to show him three roads afterwards. The first road is the path of righteousness. It is narrow and has thorns and briers. Only a few people seek this path. The phrase path of righteousness alludes to the book of proverbs 12:28. On the path of righteousness there is suffering---thorns---and there is happiness as well—briers.
The other road is a broad road across lily leven, and is the path of wickedness, though some call it the road to heaven. Heaven is allured to in this stanza, however the queen tell True Thomas that some people are ignorant that the broad road is the path of the wicked since they endure no thorns---hardship on such a path. The third road is to fair elf land where the queen and true Thomas must go to in the very night. We learn that the queen gives True Thomas caution to be silent while in elfin land since he would not be able to return to his country after doing so.
The queen and True Thomas ride on and on through rivers and did not see the sun nor moon but heard the roaring of the sea. It was very dark and they went through blood, since blood that is shared on the earth passes through the springs of that country, how True Thomas sees the blood when he claims it was very dark. There is no evidence in the passage to tell us that the queen had told True Thomas about the blood. True Thomas is presented with an apple for his wages, an apple that would make sure he lives an honest life. True Thomas declares he is an honest man. True Thomas reassures the queen that he would be silent in elfin land. And endure all that would come his way. True Thomas we are told we are told changes his clothes to that worn in elf land and is seen in his own country 7 years later.
Dunfermline town must be the capital
Why was the king drinking the blude-red wine? ---was it that he was enjoying himself or was it that he was not happy?
The King did not just point out that Sir Patrick spen should sail his new ship
The King inquires from whom?
The King has a new Ship
Who else was there when the eldern knight spoke?
Why didn't any one second the statement or disagree with the claim?
Or was it that it was only the king and the eldern knight that where there? If so why? Was he some sort of special advisor to the King?
Was Sir Patrick spans really the best sailor?
The seal of the king was on the letter, showing its importance.
What was Sir Patrick spens doing on the strand?
Sir Patrick Spens is ordered to fetch the king’s daughter of noroway.
Note that it was not said that this thou must bring her back, neither was it said that mine daughter of noroway, thus we can Say that the princes was not the daughter of the king sitting in Dunfermline town, thus the king uses home because the home of sir Patrick is where he is and thus the home used refers to Sir Patrick Spen's home.
Why was sir Patrick spens happy when he begun to read the letter? What fascinated him, let us take note that the first word "to" that Sir Patrick read he was happy but the next word "noroway" that sir Patrick read he was sad. Thus even before reading the rest of the contents of the letter Sir Patrick spens was unhappy. However if Sir Patrick Spens where suspicious about his king he wouldn’t have been happy from the start, unless he was not aware of it.
Did sir Patrick spens really want to know who had told the King about him, or was it that sir Patrick spens did not see himself to be that famous or was it that Sir Patrick Spens was of the view that whoever told the king about him was not thoughtful, but what if the eldern knight spoke on impose, that is without knowing what he had said out of a sense of duty or what if he said it without knowing the king was going to issue an order for a voyage during that Season? What if he had good intensions? What if the eldern knight did not even know that the king had written a letter to Sir Patrick spens afterwards? However was it that the king was ignorant of the season when he gave those orders or did he do it with evil intent.
Sir Patrick spens avows to accomplish his task. Was it possible for Sir Patrick Spen to have petitioned the king to Postpone the journey? What if the Kings daughter of noroway refused to go back with Sir Patrick Spens or what if the King of Noroway refused or was it that the King of Noroway was dead or was it that he and his daughter could not refuse? What did the King want with the king’s daughter of Noroway anyway? Would Sir Patrick Spens have to take force if the princes refused to come with him? How many men was Sir Patrick travelling with? Where they in procession of weapons?
They got ready on Monday and with sped made it to noroway on a Wednesday. How long did it take to make the trip, was the trip a safe one? The trip should have been safe since there was not report of any misfortunes.
Sir Patrick spens and his men had only spent two days in noroway when the lords of noroway begun to accuse them of steeling.
We learn that sir Patrick Spens and his men are Scottish and from the way it is said this implies that the lords of noroway where not Scottish. On what grounds did the lords of noroway have to state their claims, was this a false accusation? Was it that sir Patrick spens and his men where spending so much money in noroway? we learn that the king of noroway has more money that his queen. Sir Patrick Spens claims the accusations are false. He does not keep quiet about it. But why didn’t the king and queen of the lords of noroway make those accusations?
Sir Patrick Spens claims that he and his men brought much money from home with them.
Was it the original plan of Sir Patrick spens to sail in the morning or was it that he didn’t want to have more lies thrown at him or was it that he feared some form of prosecution in Noroway? Was Sir Patrick spens respected in noroway since he had come under the authority of his king? I think not if not he would not have been falsely accused. Why is Sir Patrick Spens describing his men as merry when they are been accused of theft? Is this to ginger his men to make them merry since they are sad or is this because his men are merry because despite the accusations they had completed part of their mission by acquiring the king daughter of noroway. Would Sir Patrick spens after coming so far not complete his assignment because he was been accused, I do not think so. However we are told of a deadly storm.
We are told of a bad omen, and that one of the crew members feels that they would be in danger if they sail on the scheduled day. there is however no account of another sailor repeating the same thing or disagreeing with it, Sir Patrick Spen himself does not verify or refuse the statement addressed to him, Why is this so?
They had sailed barely 5 kilometres---a league---- when they where hit by the storm.
Why did Sir Patrick Spens not call out the name of one of his crew to take the helm in hand rather than ask for such a person, why wasn’t there a quarrel so that the crew would want to take the helm in hand after all it was the captains duty to take the helm in hand. Wasn’t there someone whose duty was to spie land at the tall top mast or couldn’t Sir Patrick Spens order someone to see if they could spie land. However we notice the seriousness of Sir Patrick to dock his ship and go on land. If the princes was on board it would be highly unlikely that she would be on deck since most of the work done on the ship was done by the commoners and if was not allowed for the aristocrats that the commoners to socialised in those days even if the prince had wanted to come on deck she would have change he mind or advised to do otherwise since it was a deadly storm.
Someone steps forward to take Sir Patricks place at the helm but then the person suggest that sir Patrick wouldn’t spie land, why did the fellow make such a statement? Did he know better than Sir Patrick Spens in such matters?
We learn that Sir Patrick Spens had not covered the distance of two steps when a boat onboard the ship fell overboard and the sea water rushed in.
We learn that Sir Patrick Spens gives orders to salvage the ship and prevent water from entering it.
We are told that his orders are obeyed; we are also told that the ship was good thus it was strong. However the water still came into the boat, and this water entered with great force and pressure, thus the men who where around the place trying to salvage the ship had to struggle as the water rushed in.
This account closes the events of the storm. We learn that the Scots Lord did not want to wet their cock heeled shoon, but after the storm their hats where floating on the water.
We learn that some money was floating on the sea, was this money paper since if it where gold it would have sunk.
The wives of the crew are on the shore and are distraught
Very much like the pervious summary
The distance to Aberdeen is slightly more than 13 leagues and is 300 ft deep. Where sir Patrick spens lies with the scot lords------it should be taken into account that there is not mention of the commoners supposedly since they are the least ranked in the society, however if the prince of noroway was also on board there was no mention about her as well and this can be explain in a number of reasons first of which is that in those times messages where either sent through messengers riding on horse, a bird of prey such a hawk or sent overseas on a ship, supposedly the princes of noroway was onboard the ship the people of noroway wouldn’t have been able to communicate this to the Scottish people since a messenger and the bird of prey could have been killed in the storm or in the case of the messenger delayed, a ship would have sunk as that of Sir Patrick spens. Thus when this ballad was written no news concerning the princes onboard the ship of sir Patrick spens would have reached the Scottish.
Now supposing that there was treachery in this ballad who would be behind it and who would it have been against?. If the King of Scotland wanted the princes of noroway died was there no other way to kill her that inviting her during a bad season, wouldn’t it have been obvious to all that he wanted her dead? However what if sir Patrick spens and his crew had not made it to noroway in the first place? Would the Scottish king have sent someone else, or had the Scottish king previously sent someone who died on the way? What if the Scottish king wanted to kill sir Patrick spens? Wouldn’t there had been another way? What would he stand to gain? What was the relationship between sir Patrick Spens and the Scottish King?
We are told that fair Annie’s is being told to learn to sleep alone since her husband is going overseas to bring a bride home. Fair Annie’s husband is only concerned about wealth; he only wants the wealth of his new bride.
Fair Annie’s husband is worried that he has no one to welcome his bride on his return. Is this actually true? Was there no aristocrat to welcome his bride on her arrival? Note that in those times as like in present times envoys and dignitaries to a country are greeted at the airport by high profile government official or persons
Fair Annie voluntarily accepts to perform this duty when her husband’s returns with his bride.
Fair Annie’s husband is however not satisfied and mentions the qualities of the one he wants to perform the duty in question.
Fair Annie however claims that she is not a maiden since she has already had 7 children and is even pregnant at the moment. Who was responsible for her pregnancy? We might say it is because of fair Annie’s condition that her husband denies her the chance to welcome his new bride. If however her husband was not responsible for the pregnancy then we might have a reason for his decision to go in for a new bride-------this is not started in the text-------- other than this it might be because fair Annie has lost or is loosing her patrician features
Fair Annie views her husband and his new bride from a distance while having two of her sons with her.
Fair Annie urges her eldest son to come where she is and look at his father and his new bride.
However her eldest son entreats her to come down from where she was before she commits suicide.
While she was getting down she sees part of her husband’s ship shine like silver
While she was still descending she came into view of the ship of the new bride and part of it shone like gold, this goes to show the differences in wealth between the two.
There is exaggeration hear as it is impossible to hold the hands of seven people. Fair Annie goes to meet her husband and his bride as they enter
She first of all welcomes her husband back and then she welcomes his new bride, not many women would be able to do what fair Annie did or was it Fair Annie intension out of curiosity to see how beautiful the new bride was as compared to herself
We learn that it is only the new bride that shows appreciation to Annie, how did the new bride know Annie’s name?; it is obvious that Annie’s husband had informed his new bride of Annie before their arrival or that Annie introduced herself by name. The new bride comments that Annie has the resemblances of a sister she has seen in a long time.
The new bride adds that the sister in question had been captured by a knight and taken away some time ago.
We learn that Fair Annie hangs 2 napkins to clean her tears.
We learn that fair Annie serves the long tables and in the process drinks the wan water to enable her get a grip on herself. This is ironic considering the word wan as it should make her dumb spirited.
We learn that as Fair Annie serves the tables she turns to wipe her tears from time to time. Note that humans cry when they are either happy or sad. Sadness is what is depicted her possibly as Annie recalls a time when she sat side be side with her husband while being served and how a new bride has come to take her place.
We learn that one of fair Annie’s son approaches her and wipes her tears
Fair Annie’s husband stands amongst his men---------was Fair Annie husband some sought of monarch of the bases of his men-------- turns himself about and declares which of two they admire, the old woman---fair Annie or the new bride.
After mass fair Annie husband and his new bride retire to their room.
Fair Annie then tries to go very close to their room to hear what they would say to each other or would do that night or both. Was it right for Fair Annie to do this? I reckon not however we learn that she was hurt very bad, she might have heard some uncomplimentary statements from her husband concerning her or she might have missed being in the company of her husband having being told to sleep alone.
Fair Annie claims that if her seven sons where seven young rats running on the castle wall and she where a grey hound, all her sons would soon be worried, in other words her sevens sons were not worried or concerned about what was going on. Why was this so? Was it because of fear of their father? There is no mention in the ballad that Fair Annie’s husband maltreated his sons. There is no stated conversation between fair Annie’s children and their father also. Did he keep away from them or did they keep away from him?
Fair Annie states that if her sons where hares and she was a hound they would be soon worried, thus it seems fair Annie was of the view that her children did not care about what was going on.
After this she decides to sing, but then she cries in the process and curses the man who has done her wrong? Which man is fair Annie speaking of and which wrong has been done her? Is possible that fair Annie is referring to someone else besides her husband?
The new bride momentarily goes to greet fair Annie.
Apparently this is because she has heard fair Annie make a sick moan. And wants to find out why
The new bride then inquires of fair Annie’s parentage and if she had a brother or sister.
We learn that the Earl of Wemyes was her father and the countess of wemyes was her mother. Fair Annie treats all others as her siblings around the house. Thus fair Annie was a noble. The new bride does not make a connection to her parentage.
The new bride decides to give her ships to fair Annie with 4 going to her eldest son, and thanks the powers in heaven that she would be returning still a virgin. It is probably that the new bride saw how she was going to end up living with her husband by learning from the experiences of fair Annie and decides to leave? We might be forced to wonder whether fair Annie’s husband would permit his new bride to return and abandoned him after being legally married to her after mass. Of what benefit where the ships to Fair Annie and her elders son?----was this done so that Fair Annie and her eldest son could trade it for money and be better of than their husband and father respectfully or was it to enable Fair Annie and her children escape?
